Analyse the impact and effectiveness of ILO (international labor Essay

Analyse the impact and effectiveness of ILO (international labor organization) convention in child labor in China - Essay Example expensive or less troublesome than that of adults, when other labour is scarce, and when they are considered irreplaceable by reason of their size or perceived dexterity.1† In many South Asian countries, juvenile child labour is easy to find and kept in places like workshops, factories and for household purposes. There data present showing the exact and calculated number of child labour in China. China has a history of thirty years with ILO and its role has been continuously changing since. In early 70’s China declared itself a non-active member because of the absence of inevitable tripartite employees, trade union and government structure which was the basic membership requirement of ILO. Peoples Daily, a famous newspaper in China, refers to an investigation started by the government organization which was accountable for examining labour conditions throughout the country. According to this report, child labour is most common in factories of fireworks, toys and textiles, construction, food production, and light mechanical work. Child labour is highly in demand, as children have smaller hands and pure eye vision by years of labour, which makes them more stipulating than adults for many types of work. Furthermore, child labour complexes the scenario, problems like no school, hazardous working conditions, unbelievably low wages, overloaded work pressures resulting in harmful negative effects on physical and mental growth. Abusive and sexual exploitation and armed conflict are the worse issues which also rise due to underage children working. Like any other country, there is a law in China which strictly prohibits child labour. In this paper, thus, the main focus was on the recommendations which suggest imposing severe punishment on violators and on reinforcing the government’s monitoring and judicial systems. This document is necessary to understand the efforts of China in regard to child labour and also its joint effort with the ILO2. The U.S. Department

Criminal Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal Law Assignment - Essay Example (Woolmington v. DPP)1 It is important to mention that for any offence to be proved it must be proved beyond reasonable doubt and the burden of proof is on the prosecution. Another important point that needs to be raised is that the actus reus and mens rea of the offence must coincide, however a broad approach int his respect has been adopted by the courts. The main elements required to prove an offence are actus reus, mens rea and the absence of any defence. (Lord Diplock in R v Miller)2 The actus reus and mens rea need to coincide, however the requirement is interpreted broadly. (Fagan v. Commissioner of Police3) One of the situation is where the conduct of the defendant created a situation of danger. (R v. Miller)4 The first point of homicide is murder. The actus reus of murder was provided by Sir Edward Coke in the seventeenth century whereby he stated that the act is committed if the defendant ‘unlawfully killeth any reasonable creature in rerum natura under the Queenâ€⠄¢s peace’. The definition of unlawfully does not include the killing of for example the use of reasonable force for self defence (Re a (Children)5. Clearly, Alice died because of the Barry punched her really hard on her head and therefore this is unlawful. As far as killeth is concerned that refers to the requirement that the acts of the defendant can be attributed to be a legal cause of death. Clearly the act of Barry had led to the death of Alice. As far as killing of the reasonable creature in rerum natura is concerned it means that a human life is taken. Clearly this is satisfied as Alice had died. Finally Queen’s peace means that it must have been within England and not the killing of an enemy at war. It can be assumed that Alice’s death occurred in England. Therefore on the facts the actus reus of murder has been satisfied. The next element is that of mens rea of murder which has been termed as ‘malice aforethought’. However, to be precise th e mens rea is the intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm (Moloney)6 Intention discussed in Woollin and applied by Matthwes and Alleyne7 was described as defendants aim or purpose was to kill or cause grievous bodily harm or he know of such harm as being a virtually certain consequence of such an act, and any level below that of virtual certainty would not suffice. On the facts it is more than evident that Barry clearly did not possess the intention nor was he virtually certain of the consequences. Thus it is quite clear that the mens rea for murder is not satisfied. As far as voluntary manslaughter is concerned it is not relevant to the facts at hand as there was neither provocation or was there any diminished responsibility. Thus voluntary manslaughter in respect of the facts will not be argued. The next step is that of involuntary manslaughter. The first manslaughter that would be considered is that of reckless manslaughter. The change brought about by Moloney means that for manslaughter recklessness will suffice. However, on the facts it can be said that Barry was not subjectively reckless as he was not aware of the fact that Alice had an exceptionally thin skull. The next in line is gross negligence manslaughter which requires proof of a high degree of negligence. The approach can be seen from Lord Atkin’s judgment in Andrews v. DPP8 where he stated ‘[In the older cases] expressions will be found which indicate that to cause death by any lack of due care will amount to

Sonoco Products Company

Sonoco Products Company According to (Chidambaram VijayabanuS and Ramachandran, 2012) success of a company is based on the human assets. This case study report is on Sonoco Products Company and its HR activities under the leadership of Cindy Hartley. It provides an overview of Sonoco Products Company, change requirements in the package industry and their influence on Sonocos strategy in tune with the objectives of the vice president of the company, analysis of the changes and judging their effectiveness, identifying the problems in Sonocos strategy with respect to HR management besides identifying ways and means to improve the HRM operations in Sonoco. According to ( Gibb, Stephen, 2003), HRM is essential. Finally suitable recommendations are given to Sonoco for the betterment of its strategies as world class HR organization under the leadership of its vice president Cindy Hartley. With leadership qualities senior management can take higher responsibilities (Jean-Francois Coget, 2011). About Sonoco Products Company In consumer and industrial packaging Sonoco is a global company with around 100 years of experience. In its chosen business, right from the inception from 1980s till initial part of 1990s, Sonoco enjoyed success and tremendous growth financially (Sonoco Products Case Study p1). However, due to its fixed pricing of plants, economic crisis in US markets such as manufacturing exports severely impacted Sonoco. For instance, due to such reasons, sales of Sonoco fell 6% down between the years 1995-1999. Nevertheless, the company, with its strategies to reduce expenses, managed to gain increase in profits by 14% in the period. Afterwards, sales of the company declined and that caused its stock values coming down and pressure was built on the company to maintain credibility with shareholders. At this juncture, new CEO by name Harris DeLoach was appointed by Sonoco. The main challenges before DeLoach were to reduce operational costs; to ensure top-line business growth; restructuring the consu mer packaging division; bring about cooperation across the divisions; considering human resources as corporate resources rather than a talent managed under general manager; revamping and restructuring divisions including HR (Sonoco Products Case Study p1). Since the beginning of Cindy Hartley in the capacity of senior VP of HR division, she was working totally towards the throats of the companys CEO DeLoach. In her tenure she introduced many changes and new policies in order to improve the business performance of the company, succession planning, development, compensation etc. Earlier when the company was in full swing of profits, the managers did not take the inefficient employees seriously as business growth was evidenced. Now it is changed and Cindy Hartley as per the DeLoachs challenge responded quickly and pondered over the problem and improve efficiency in HRM wing. Towards all these things, and reduce the cost Cindy Hartley set forth three important objectives as outlined in other section of this report (Sonoco Products Case Study p1). Packaging Industry and Sonoco Sonoco has been into the packaging industry. In 19900 packaging industry was making good revenues. The revenue generated by around 100, 000 companies worldwide was worth $400 billion. Consumer packaging paper and board reported very good increase in its growth. Paper and board recorded 34% revenues while consumer packaging recorded 70% and industrial packaging at 30%. In the later part of 1990s, due to globalization, businesses encountered competitive challenges and also growth opportunities (Sonoco Products Case Study p2). Manufacturing became decentralized as many companies from USA moved to other countries such as India and China where human resources were not costly. Later years i.e. between 1998-2000 there was dramatic increase in the share of five big companies reported at 40% to 60% increase in revenues. Consumer preferences were changed and domestic consumer markets recorded the segmentation of products were changed as per the preferences. When it comes to food industry more evidence is observed. In the retail markets products are even altered as per the customer requirements. Due to customer preferences instead of one version of product seven or eight becomes a common place. Packaging also was playing an important role while branding and thus it attracts more people. In those days in retail business packaging was more influential than advertising for getting new customers and retaining the existing one (Sonoco Products Case Study p2). As there are many changes in global economy and market conditions in USA, the effect of globalization, it was the responsibility of packaging companies to be more innovative and implement changes in the business as required. As said by an observer to win in the race one has to use emerging technologies as that gives winning edge to organizations. Companies who were into packaging invested a huge amount for making timely changes to their product designs. Afterwards the concept that appeared was one-stop-shop which attracted manufacturing firms, and other related businesses. The issues in the packaging industry include globalization of businesses, fixed price concept of Sonoco, USA firms started investing overseas, adapting to technology innovations, abrupt changes in the product design, decline in sales and revenues etc. The changes in the business arena, especially in the packaging industry influenced Sonoco to change its strategies and focus on more customers and solutions oriented and understood the words of Proctor Gamble. It also started looking at markets with focused coordination (Sonoco Products Case Study p3). What were Cindy Hartleys objectives for changes at Sonoco? Cindy Hartley, after becoming VP or HR department of Sonoco, she set forth three objectives to be achieved which were in tune with the thoughts of the new CEO of the company who wanted to cut short expenses of the organization more than 20% (Sonoco Products Case Study p1). The objectives are as given below. Making GMs accountable for managing talent and ensure that inefficient employees are not entertained. Considering HR talent as corporate resource rather than GMs talent and utilizing the human resources evenly across divisions. Developing consistent practices towards HRM. Optimizing HR to support business objectives of GM. Before she took office, employees were given salaries even when they are not performing. It does mean that as the company was in good profits, it ignored the HR best practices towards people who do not perform well. Cindy Hartley in the capacity of VP under the guidance of CEO wanted to make this organizational change to see that human resources are optimally utilized. GMs were made responsible for optimal usage of human resources and considered HR talent as corporate resource instead of just looking at it GMs manpower (Sonoco Products Case Study p1). HR Changes at Sonoco When Cindy Hartley was hired as new VP of HR window of Sonoco, she identified many problems with HR function as it was ruined and not consistent. The organizational structure in 1995 has some inherent problems. The focus on HR was different in those days. They thought it as something like back-room operation (Sonoco Products Case Study p4). The organizational structure was tactical in nature rather than strategic. In 1990s large divisions in the company have their own HR functions which are individual and not aligned to the overall corporate HR function properly. There were inconstancies in payroll related activities and also confidentiality was not maintained in such matters. The main problem was that corporate HR was seen in different perspective. It was seen as an entity that simply takes care of recruitments and relationships between employees and organization. Strategic planning was not possible due to staff structure which was complex. GMs of divisions exercised discretion and make mistakes in the process of providing compensation to staff members (Sonoco Products Case Study p4). The reporting structure of the company has less useful things and HR people were taking things for granted. The process of compensations was considered entitlements rather than looking them at in practical cost related perspective. Sonocos employee appraisal strategy was also not perfect. The timing of it and the encouraging merit employees was not flawless. There were cases of manipulation of performance reports. The performance evaluation was not actually reflecting the efficiency of employees. At the same time experienced employees are an asset (Barbara A. Anderson, 2005). Worst case is that the best performed employees were fired due to reasons other than performance. There were not action plans, and there were complaints from the employees with respect to their career (Sonoco Products Case Study p4). When Hartley took office in 1995, she was determined to build HR group with much focus on business orientation and professionalism. Priority was given for making leaders in the organization. It does mean that leadership traits were taught to HR people. The companys growth strategy, cash flow, working capital management was given focus. Favourable work conditions also play a role (ISIK U. ZEYTINOGLU GORDON B. COOKE KARLENE HARRY JAMES CHOWHAN1, 2008). The priorities set by Hartley to set the things right are as shown below (Sonoco Products Case Study p4). The compensation strategies and measuring performance of individualos is given top priority as this ensures that the best performers are given right compensation. Planning for making good number of leaders for the ensuing generation. A robust employee development process that ensured that employees skills are improved constantly. Organizational performance results in financial growth (Brain becker and barry garhat, 1966). From the perspective of changes in the organization she was regarded as a change maker. She was well known among her colleagues as a good manager. A counsel was built to help in HR management. When she stared change management, many in the organization did not allow it. For instance HR heads of the divisions resisted her actions towards making changes in HR strategies (Sonoco Products Case Study p4). The first problem tackled was compensation and performance management as they are fundamental issues of HR. In 1996, HR management was revised again to make it more effective. Its main focus was on alignment and consistency. For change management all stake holders are convinced. For each plant manager specific set of metrics are given. For Instance the metrics are safety, customer returns, quality, machine downtime, plat profit etc. The metrics of individual units are aligned with overall busine ss objectives of the company. In 1997, the Sonoco Products Company adopted a shared vision with respect to performance management. In other words Sonoco discussed the performance management strategies with employees as well (Sonoco Products Case Study p4). The compensation management and salary system are combined. The mangers were encouraged to follow guidelines and educate employees so as to make them to give best services and also measures value addition of individuals. With respect to succession planning and leadership development the strategies are to be agreed up on by divisional senior management. And advisory team was built by Hartley for improving the system (Sonoco Products Case Study p4). The six leadership traits are recorded. They include coaching and monitoring, knowledge management, teamwork, strategic integration, communication and customer satisfaction through excellence. Sonoco followed three sources for assessing the capabilities of managers. They include successi on planning, performance management system and 360-degree feedback. HR function is improved every year. By 2000, almost all fundamental changes were made to the organizational HR function. Hartley revamped aspects like IT systems, performance management, compensation, diversity and succession planning. However, it has must to do to make strides in business growth. Intensive and basic compensation plans were subjected to major changes (Sonoco Products Case Study p1). HR Structure Recommendation for Sonoco HRM efficiency is possible through right personnel (Y. Paul Huo, Heh Jason Huang, and Nancy K. Napier, 2002). Hartley wanted to restructure HR function. There are two models for structural organization of HR division. They include centralization model and hybrid model. In the centralization model many HR activities are handled by four centers of expertise. These divisions are managed by field experts who have wealth of knowledge. It helps in the reduction of administrative and other costs pertaining to process improvement. However, it faces fewer opportunities when it has to be aligned with individual businesses (Sonoco Products Case Study p7). Centralization requires clever way of handling HRM (Asma Zaineb, 2011). The second option is named as hybrid structure. In this approach the divisions have provisions in the involvement of compensation, personnel programs, succession planning and staffing. It leaves the individual HR manager on which GMs rely. The both structures meant for imp lementing HR strategy that is common in both. The HR changes done by Hartley are sustainable as they are meant for reducing expenses and improve large scale business opportunities (Sonoco Products Case Study p7). For HR structure of Sonoco I recommend centralized model as it has many advantages over hybrid structure (Heidi Cardenas, 2012). The advantages include reduction in operational costs, concentration of HR skills, sharing of knowledge, optimization processes and organizational support. Centralized human resources model can save operational costs for various activities of HR such as recruiting, benefits and compensation management, and recruiting. Sharing of knowledge among the divisions is possible through centralized computing. Technology should be used in recruitments (Derek S.Chapman and Jane Webster, 2003) Centralized HR managers are easily accessible and one can get faster service (Heidi Cardenas, 2012). It promotes HR skills improvements. Business processes can be optimized effectively using centralized HR model. It facilitates easy and consistent development of processes for various activities like performance management, recognition, recruiting, and payroll. Its easy to develop companywide aspects such as resource processes, easy to develop communication with all places in the organization. Another advantage of centralized computing is better organizational support for company. Centralized approach well suites organizations where staff members are trained as to how to communicate effectively. The approach provides (Heidi Cardenas, 2012). SHRM also gained popularity (Patrick M. Wright, Benjamin B. Dunford, Scott A. Snell, 2001). Nevertheless, centralized model of HR has its limitations such as administration causing inequalities, strict conformity of official norms etc. and dictatorship which does not take employees into confidence while making policies (Asma Zaineb, 2011). Size of the organization also has consideration for HRM strategy (GEORGE CALLAGHAN AND PAUL THOMPSON, 2002). Fig. 1 Centralized Model for HR Structure As can be seen in fig. 1, the HR structure of Sonoco has VP at the top of the hierarchy. The single rooted hierarchy with administrative, experts and field staff services. The study of Sonocos business scenario and HR function closely from the views of Hartley and CEO of the company, there was lot of improvement in its functioning due to the efforts of Hartley. However, it can be said that it needs further improvement. The following are the recommendations for Sonoco. First and foremost importance has to be given to a centralized mode of HR structure as it has many advantages. It reduces costs of process improvement activiti4es and also administrative costs. As Sonoco VP of HR and CEO of the company want to reduce the operational costs, the centralized model is best suited. The existing practice of linking HR operations and processes with business objectives of Sonoco, culture and values has to be continued with further changes if required. HR influences many key systems (Coro Strandberg, 2009). The best practices are pertaining to it such as organizational core competencies, performance management, 360 degree reviews, building tomorrow leader through career development and training, organizational reviews, learning by doing, online performance and learning, training for sales and marketing people, team skill development, reward and recognition including broad banding, and centennial shares. There is relationship between training and organizational performance (Salem Shiryan, Dr. Himanshu Shee and Deborah Stewart, 2012). And training makes organization stronger (Rebecca Grossman and Eduardo Salas, 2011). Reflection The HRM module has given me adequate insights into the HRM activities that help me in putting in into use in my future endeavors. Understanding certain concepts of HRM has led me to know the fundamentals of HRM. From the study it is understood that human resource department is not meant for acting as back-room while it has tremendous utility when harnessed properly. The study also let me know the important structure for HRM such as centralized hybrid models. Moreover Sonoco case study has given me in depth understanding possibilities in realizing the case with respect to HR management. From this experience I came to know certain facts related to HR structures known as centralized and hybrid. No changes can be implemented without people involving in the process. This is the reason continuous education and training is required to staff members in order to improve quality in service and also produce leaders for future generation.

Economical Argument for the Legalization of Marijuana Essay -- essays

There is no feasible way to completely abolish drug use in the United States. As with Prohibition of Alcohol in the earlier part of this century, the fight against drugs has backfired. The United States is spending billions of dollars a year to fight a war, which over the last 60 years, has shown that it cannot be won. So let’s use a little reverse psychology on the subject. What would happen if marijuana or other illegal drugs were legalized? First, the billions of dollars that the government is spending trying to abolish illegal drugs would be put to better use and the government would be able to tax the â€Å"new drugs† just as they do alcohol and tobacco. These monies could then be spent to provide better education on the affects of drugs and drug abuse, better healthcare, and research on...

Ideology represents the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence

Each of the central characters in â€Å"Open Secrets† by Alice Munro and â€Å"Paradise Lost† by John Milton are driven and sustained by the relationship between the realities of their existence and their personal ideologies. The conflict between ideology and reality is an important theme in the work of Munro and Milton and both the obvious discrepancies and the more subtle references to this define many aspects of the plot and characterisation. An examination of the reactions of characters to the restrictions placed on them by the reality in which they exist, and their perception of this reality is fundamental to understanding the ideologies which they possess. Their ideologies are the crucial influence on the experiences and eventual fates of each character. Ultimately the question of whether or not these relationships and conflicts are resolved or overcome is the key to gaining a deeper insight into the texts, and simultaneously provides the reader with evidence of the authors' own beliefs and ideologies. In Paradise Lost, Milton makes use of the ideas of contrast and opposition in order to create a text which is highly significant of his own personal ideology and, at the same time, a beautiful and intricate piece of epic poetry. The first character which the reader is able to engage with on a relatively profound level is Satan. This is not as ironic as it may seem as the title should ensure that the reader is forewarned of the fact that the main concern of the poem is going to be the story of the brief but significant triumph of evil over good (Satan's success in the temptation of Eve). From the outset Milton establishes to his readers that Satan is a colossal antagonist, with the realisation that his potential for evil and his success as a tempter are unquestionable. Milton's approach in the characterisation of Satan was definitely unorthodox at the time of writing, however, his methods are essential if the plot and characterisation is to be meaningful and believable. By rendering Satan as an attractive and awesome character, he immediately invites his readers to engage with the, as yet, only briefly mentioned characters of Adam and Eve. If the readers can find themselves taken in by Satan's attractive and inspiring rhetoric, then the successful temptation of Eve becomes not only more believable to the reader, but an inevitable outcome of the plot. Milton's characterisation, not only of Satan, but of the characters of Adam and Eve is extremely important and worthy of study. The story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, which is the main source for the poem's subject matter, is so well known as to be almost indelibly stamped upon the consciousness of Christian and, more importantly, Western Civilisation as a whole. This added depth of characterisation which permits the readers to engage with the main protagonists is essential to the greatness of this text and without it the poem would not be regarded as such an important milestone in English literature. Desmond M. Hamlet writes that in Paradise Lost â€Å"Satan's sin is terrible because it is a rebellion against God's love, actualised in the Son who functions in the entire poem as the indispensable creative and restorative agency for the dissemination of that love in practical and exemplary ways. † In â€Å"Sudden Apprehension†, Lee A. Jacobus asserts that one of the driving forces behind Milton's personal ideology was the importance he placed on having true self knowledge. Satan is known in Christian Mythology as the great deceiver, and as the embodiment of evil in Paradise Lost. Milton ironically undercuts Satan's seemingly powerful and beautiful speeches but showing undoubtedly that Satan has succeeded unconsciously in deceiving himself. This contrasts with Adam who was born â€Å"self knowing† and whose natural impulse is to give thanks to god: Tell me, how may I know him, how adore, / From whom I have that thus I move and live, / And feel that I am happier than I know† (Book 8, 250-282) The reality of Adam's existence in Paradise demands obedience to God's will, however, his behaviour is influenced by his fixation on Eve's beauty. This flaw in his ideology leads him to permit Eve to work in the garden alone, and also to co-operate with her in what leads to their fall from Paradise. Her ear leads her to the pool which deceives her on two counts, it is not â€Å"a liquid plain† nor â€Å"another skie† Aristotle wrote that the ear was the principal source of wisdom so in book 4 the reader is already being warned that eves thirst for knowledge will lead her astray. footnote *sudden apprehension by jacobus chapter 2 pg 33-34* â€Å"In Paradise Lost, the reader is repeatedly forced to acknowledge the unworthiness of values and ideals he had previously admired† (Stanley E. Fish in surprised by sin; the reader in paradise lost Berkeley university of California press 1973) In â€Å"Poet of Exile†, Louis L. Martz writes that, in the beginning, â€Å"Adam and Eve†¦ have all our basic psychological qualities†, in short, they are made frail by their God given right to choose and their possession of free will. â€Å"We – the readers – were made to feel ashamed of our naive affection for the father of lies† (Sharon Achinstein) Satan as representative of the false heroic image that does not stand up against the weapons and strength of true Christianity. od as an allegory for the tyrants which Milton raged against and Satan as an allegorical representation of those who kept the tyrants in power by fighting unsuccessfully against them due to the fact that they wanted only to replace the tyrant not work for a better world. â€Å"Open Secrets† the title tale of Alice Munro's collection recounts the reactions of the local population to the mysterious disappearance of one of a group of local girls, Heather Bell, which took place on a hiking trip a few years prior to the story's beginning. One of the first and most poignant facts the reader learns is the lyric to the song sung by the girl hikers: â€Å"For the Beauty of the Earth, /For the Beauty of the Skies,? For the Love that from our Birth/ Over and around us lies†¦ † The ambiguous meaning of the word â€Å"lies† is highly significant as in this story the relationships between reality and ideology are extremely difficult to define. In this short story, Munro never enlightens her readers as to what the actual reality of the situation is. By withholding the crucial details of the events surrounding Heather Bell's disappearance, Munro manipulates the reader into assuming the position and viewpoint of a character within the text, much like Milton's seductive characterisation of Satan. The reader is forced to join with the characters in the story by coming up with theories and opinion as to what actually happened. This fact, when juxtaposed with the lack of concrete evidence or proof, leads the reader to view all the theories as â€Å"lies† and the hikers' optimistic song becomes a symbol of the fact that no matter how innocent or horrible the reality is, its dimensions will never be known. CONCLUSION†¦. Jackson I. Cope, in his book, â€Å"The Metaphoric Structure of Paradise Lost† writes, â€Å"The immediate and intuitive language, which frustrates the religious polemicist in discursive argument is precisely the â€Å"corporeal† world out of which the poet shapes reality†. I feel this is an important point when reading the texts of Munro and Milton. In my opinion, as a reader, the ideology of the author is not of supreme importance. Readers are often drawn to attempt to work out the author's personal ideology through the characterisation, use of metaphor and allegory and other literary devices present in the text, however, this can arguably obscure evidence of the author's true aim – to create beautiful and engaging works of fiction. Paradise Lost and Open Secrets are representative of the work of Milton and Munro and are texts peopled with strong engaging characters which demand that the readers examine their own consciences, personal ideologies and perceptions of reality. In this sense, the greatest achievement of Munro is to engage and entertain her readers, without satisfying them with stereotypical and unremarkable romances and mysteries. Lucy Hughes-Hallett writes about Open Secrets – â€Å"In story after story there is an intricate layered richness as one narrative is braided into another, not by dint of coincidences or revelations, but simply by Munro's insistence that every life is important†. While Munro's ideology is somewhat revealed through her choice of plots and protagonists, the point which seems to pervade her writing is that the ideologies of the characters are the most important and it is with their personal realities and perceptions with which we should be engaging, and not hers. Critics have argued for centuries over the significance of Paradise Lost in relation to Milton's own political and religious ideologies, and while I accept that the poem does reflect Milton's views of organised religion in general, I think the allegorical function and perceived polemic is less important than his efforts to engage his readers with the characters and moral implications of the text. Milton is similar to Munro in this sense, she deals with ordinary lives and in Paradise Lost Milton deals with a familiar age old tale. Through use of characterisation and by contrasting reality with ideology, Milton gives the questions and arguments raised by this age old story a personal slant and turns the poem into a voyage of discovery for his readers. Neither Milton nor Munro set out to make their fiction easy or superficially satisfactory to their readers, however, they both deal extensively with the conflict between the realities of existence and false ideologies which is a universal theme and one which each reader can achieve some level of personal identification with. (1677) Open Secrets – â€Å"Carried Away† â€Å"†¦ had been in love once, with a doctor she had known in the sanatorium. † Her love was returned, eventually, costing the doctor his job. There was some harsh doubt in her mind about whether he had been told to leave the sanatorium or had left of his own accord, being weary of the entanglement. He was married, he had children. Letters had played a part that time, too. After he left, they were still writing to one another. And once or twice after she was released. â€Å"Then she asked him not to write anymore and he didn't. But the failure of his letters to arrive drove her out of Toronto†¦ † and made her take the travelling job. Then there would be only the one disappointment of the week, when she got back on Friday or Saturday night. Her last letter had been firm and stoical, and some consciousness of herself as a heroine of love's tragedy went with her around the country as she hauled her display cases up and down the stairs of small hotels and talked about Paris styles and said that her sample hats were bewitching, and drank her solitary glass of wine. If she'd had anybody to tell, though, she would have laughed at just that notion. She would have said love was all hocus-pocus, a deception, and she believed that. But at the prospect she felt a hush, a flutter along the nerves, a bowing down of sense, a flagrant prostration† â€Å"I am glad to hear you do not have a sweetheart though I know that is selfish of me. I do not think you and I will ever meet again. I don't say that because I've had a dream what will happen or am a gloomy person always looking for the worst. It just seems to me it is the most probable thing to happen, though I don't dwell on it and go along every day doing the best I can to stay alive. I am not trying to worry you or get your sympathy either but just explain how the idea I won't ever see Carstairs again makes me think I can say anything I want. I guess it's like being sick with a fever. So I will say I love you. I think of you up on a stool at the Library reaching to put a book away and I come up and put my hands on your waist and lift you down, and you turning around inside my arms as if we agreed on everything. † Alice Munro – â€Å"What is remembered† It was the women, then, who could slip back–during the daytime hours, and always allowing for the stunning responsibility that had been landed on them, in the matter of the children–into a kind of second adolescence. A lightening of spirits when the husbands departed. Dreamy rebellion, subversive get-togethers, laughing fits that were a throwback to high school, mushrooming between the walls that the husband was paying for, in the hours when he wasn't there. In a more recent short fiction – â€Å"What is remembered†, Munro writes another abortive love story, quite similarly in structure to â€Å"Carried Away†. The protagonist in this story is a young wife named Meriel who has a brief fling with a doctor she meets at a funeral. Meriel's ideology and perception of events are revealed in part with a short so called â€Å"discussion† with her husband, as he nears the end of his life. Her husband Pierre insists that the male in a love story is pleased when he is rejected by the heroine as he â€Å"hates loving her†, Meriel disagrees, consciously or unconsciously referring to her own perception of what she has experienced: â€Å"They'd have something. Their experience. † He would pretty well forget it, and she'd die of shame and rejection. She's intelligent. She knows that. † â€Å"Well,† said Meriel, pausing for a bit, because she felt cornered. â€Å"Well, Turgenev doesn't say that. He says she's totally taken aback. He says she's cold. † â€Å"Intelligence makes her cold. Intelligent means cold, for a woman. † â€Å"No. † â€Å"I mean in the nineteenth century. In the nineteenth century it does. † This exchange is symbolic as it shows that, through her experience, Meriel is able to engage with the heroine in the novel and reject the author's control of events. I think this is a pertinent point to take into consideration when searching for the ideological basis of Munro's work. She writes about normal people, who have strange experiences but react in ways that the reader can empathise with. Louisa in â€Å"Carried Away† is described as having a rather nondescript personality and leading a life which is for the most part without high drama. The characterisation is subtle and understated. â€Å"The fact that he was dead did not seem to have much effect on Meriel's daydreams†¦ They had to wear themselves out in a way she did not control and never understood. † If she'd had anybody to tell, though, she would have laughed at just that notion. She would have said love was all hocus-pocus, a deception, and she believed that. But at the prospect she felt a hush, a flutter along the nerves, a bowing down of sense, a flagrant prostration† â€Å"He wrote that he did not expect to come home†¦ When the war ended, it was a while since she had heard from him. She went on expecting a letter every day and nothing came. Nothing came. She was afraid that he might have been one of those unluckiest of soldiers in the whole war – one of those killed in the last week, or on the last day, or even in the last hour†¦ When she entered the town hall she always felt he might be there before her, leaning up against the wall awaiting her arrival. Sometimes she felt it so strongly she saw a shadow that she mistook for a man. She understood now how people believed they had seen ghosts. Whenever the door opened she expected to look up into his face. Sometimes she made a pact with herself not to look up until she had counted to ten†¦ She had to be forgiven, didn't she, she had to be forgiven for thinking, after such letters, that the one thing that could never happen was that he wouldn't approach her, wouldn't get in touch with her at all? Never cross her threshold after such avowals?†¦ She read a short notice of his marriage to a Miss Grace Horne. Not a girl she knew. Not a library user. There was no picture. Brown and cream piping. Such was the end, and had to be, to her romance? † Throughout â€Å"Carried Away† Louisa is unlucky in her pursuit of love. She is not doomed to be a spinster throughout her life, and in fact, marries well, giving her a comfortable lifestyle and a degree of happiness. This occurs despite her previous two encounters with love which left her not overtly broken-hearted but on a subtle level, wounded. The poignant and bittersweet way in which Munro recounts the tale of Louisa's doomed romance with the Doctor from the sanatorium draws the reader still further in as it mirrors Louisa's stoical tone in breaking off the romance. And yet her belief that the mysterious soldier will one day declare his love in person is not inconsistent as despite her previous disappointment, Louisa is still eager to succumb to love: â€Å"If she'd had anybody to tell, though, she would have laughed at just that notion. She would have said love was all hocus-pocus, a deception, and she believed that. But at the prospect she felt a hush, a flutter along the nerves, a bowing down of sense, a flagrant prostration† In a sense this is Louisa's â€Å"open secret†, as she informs the soldier, Jack Agnew, early on in their correspondence that she was once in love but that it had to be broken off. By opening herself up to him (because as the reader knows, Louisa is not generally outgoing with information) she sets herself up for an even deeper wound when she receives both the short note and the returned photograph. This is a truly upsetting moment in this unconventional love story as Louisa's thoughts, indecisions and insecurities are clearly stated. To have it returned in such a cowardly manner seems to add insult to injury. Louisa, however, remains firm in the face of adversity, even joking with an acquaintance and gently reprimanding herself for daring to believe that the soldier could have loved her : Ah, that's so, that's so! † Louisa said. â€Å"And what was it in my case but vanity, which deserves to get slapped down! † Her eyes were glassy and her expression roguish. â€Å"You don't think he'd had a good look at me any one time and thought the original was even worse than the poor picture, so he backed off? † Her gentle self mocking is not meant to induce sympathy from the reader, in the same way that Jack's belief that he would never see Carstairs again was not an attempt by him â€Å"to gain (her) sympathy† instead, just a simple statement of what he perceived to be a fact. His perception however, is utterly wrong, and his false ideology leads him to tell Louisa that he is in love with her. Jack clearly believes in his pessimistic ideology, as the consequences of toying with Louisa's emotions are brutally cruel otherwise, and Jack is not perceived by the reader as a cruel man. However Munro does avenge her protagonist slightly by serving Jack with one of the most ridiculous deaths and a funeral which was one of the best attended in years, not because he was so popular or well liked but because the people â€Å"wished to pay tribute to the sensational and tragic manner of his death† Open Secrets† the title tale of Alice Munro's collection recounts the reactions of the local population to the mysterious disappearance of one of a group of local girls, Heather Bell, which took place on a hiking trip a few years prior to the story's beginning. One of the first and most poignant facts the reader learns is the lyric to the song sung by the girl hi kers: â€Å"For the Beauty of the Earth, /For the Beauty of the Skies,? For the Love that from our Birth/ Over and around us lies†¦ † The ambiguous meaning of the word â€Å"lies† is highly significant as in this story the relationships between reality and ideology are extremely difficult to define. In this short story, Munro never enlightens her readers as to what the actual reality of the situation is. By withholding the crucial details of the events surrounding Heather Bell's disappearance, Munro manipulates the reader into assuming the position and viewpoint of a character within the text, much like Milton's seductive characterisation of Satan. The reader is forced to join with the characters in the story by coming up with theories and opinion as to what actually happened. This fact, when juxtaposed with the lack of concrete evidence or proof, leads the reader to view all the theories as â€Å"lies† and the hikers' optimistic song becomes a symbol of the fact that no matter how innocent or horrible the reality is, its dimensions will never be known. â€Å"They will try to make out she was some poor innocent, but the facts are dead different† says one of the schoolgirl acquaintances of Heather Bell. â€Å"†¦ the undefined nature of evil should be seen as the ideological context of Satan's notorious inconsistency as a character† â€Å"Satan defines his evil goal†¦ strictly in oppositional terms† Milton was writing at the time of the emergence of a relatively new ideological situation in which ethical codes of good and evil are being reshuffled and centred, in which evil reappears with revitalised force as a†¦ placeless agent that can find its definition not positively or inherently but only in reacting against some similarly abstract and unified concept or agent of virtue or reason. â€Å"On the one hand, Satan is a meta-epic character† â€Å"Satan is cast†¦ as a stock figure of evil† â€Å"The dominant form of drama in the Satan figures as the fragmentary subject of constitutively unsatisfied desire† Some versions of Pastoral† William Empson – â€Å"Empson argues that there is a coherent Satan, but that this coherence is only an impressive faiade upon which two different and quite inconsistent viewpoint are constantly superimposed† Milton characterises Satan as a creature at once attractive and evil, appealing and destructive. Satan has the accoutrements of the great leader, the attractiveness of an epic adventurer. Books 1 and 2 reveal an heroic self assertion, self reliance and self deification that we find not only exciting but with which we identify to varying degrees. Temptation does not come in an unattractive form. Milton ironically undercuts Satan's magnificence by linking him repeatedly to tyranny, deceit and destruction. Lucifer's fall comes because he refuses to accept his subordinate position. Satan's goal is â€Å"to equal God in power† (5. 343) so that in effect he becomes a parody of god and especially of the son to whom he is consistently placed as a foil throughout Paradise Lost. He lies with superb skill and persuasiveness. Impressive and attractive leader. Bold military leader, resolute, resourceful, capable of inspiring a large and devoted following. Satan represents the style of life which is most attractive to mankind but that was also the root cause of human evil and misery. The magnificent pretence of Satan is both defeated and exposed when he loses the battle on the third day. God and Satan – both references to church and organised religion Satan hates God and sunlight (4. 37) and living things (4. 197) and the organisation of the cosmos (2. 938-84) in the garden of Eden he sees â€Å"saw undelighted all delight† (4. 286) he is determined to bring man pain instead of joy, woes instead of pleasure (4. 68-9,535) at first he expresses pity for Adam and Eve but soon recovers with a rationalisation, putting the blame on god. â€Å"Hell shall unfold/To entertain you two, her widest Gates† (4. 381-3) â€Å"†¦ stronger hate,/Hate stronger, under shew of love, well feign'd /The way which to her run now I tend† (9. 491-93) Satan's approach to Eve is specious and deceptive, but is also moving and persua sive. He leads Eve to accept a flattering view of himself as a serpent and herself as a goddess. Satan urges them to â€Å"be as Gods† (9. 708-14) which was the same sin by which he himself had fallen. Bridge from hell to earth â€Å"a passage broad, / Smooth, easie, inoffensive down to hell† (10. 304-5) this fulfils Satan's plan for â€Å"Earth with Hell / To mingle and involve† (2. 383-84) Satan re-enters hell triumphantly with a call to the demonic hosts to rise and enter â€Å"into full bliss† (10. 502-3) instead of ascending however they fall and are converted into serpents. This is our last direct vision of Satan in the epic, as the greatest triumph of the great perverter is itself ironically perverted. Satan's perversion of created god is itself reversed and creation renewed. Satan declares in book 1 that he intended â€Å"out of good still to find means of evil† (1. 165) but in the concluding book the restored and instructed Adam celebrates the providential deliverance to come by the son â€Å"That all this good of evil shall produce ? And evil turn to good† (12. 470-471) The degeneration of Satan's character in paradise lost is brilliantly conceived and executed. Instead of becoming the king of heaven he becomes the king of hell, and on earth he passes through the even lower forms of vulture, cormorant, lion, tiger, toad and serpent. When he finally enters into the serpent â€Å"with bestial slime / This essence to incarnate and imbrute† (9. 165-66) – he stands at the farthest remove from his pretensions and in his harshest parody of god the son whose incarnation was to redeem and not to destroy man. Satan's revolt against God was freely committed however once in revolt he is no longer free but as the faithful Angel Abdiel taunts him â€Å"to thyself enthralled† (6. 181), enslaved to his own identification of himself with an impossible and irrational self image. As a result of this chosen enslavement he finds himself at odds not only with god but with himself and other creatures. He curse God and himself (4. 69-71) By attempting to exalt himself he repudiates his only viable mode of being, cannot fulfil himself and so â€Å"still unfulfilled with pain of longing pines† (4. 511). As he admits, even while he is adored on the throne of infernal divinity â€Å"the lower still I fall, only supreme / In misery† (4. 91-92). Seeking power apart from love, he declares that â€Å"only in destroying I find ease† and that even from the destruction that he pursues â€Å"worse to me redounds† and â€Å"torment within me, as from the hateful siege / Of contraries† (9. 128-9, 120-22) After asserting his hatred of god and himself he recognises that â€Å"which way I fly is hell; myself am hell† (4. 75) All good becomes bane to him but he refuse to repudiate his pride and so repentance is out of the question for him (4. 98 – 101). He is entirely consistent in his dedication â€Å"to waste (god's) whole creation or possess† it, and since he cannot possess it, he commits himself to its destruction (2. 365). The one promise he keeps is his bond to sin and death that â€Å"all things shall be your prey† (2. 844) â€Å"†¦ torment within me, as from the hateful siege / Of contraries† By his self deification and by his persistent strategy of domination and destruction, Satan creates the essential conditions of hell ; what god provides in hell itself is an abode suitable to Satan's free choice. It is not a question of real fire but the anguish and torment of a self chosen alienation from god (Calvinist theory) â€Å"†¦ from hell / One step no more than from himself† could Satan fly, and that hell â€Å"†¦ always in him burnes / Though in mid Heav'n† (4. 21-2, 9. 467-8) â€Å"We – the readers – were made to feel ashamed of our naive affection for the father of lies† (Sharon Achinstein) Satan as complete contradiction in terms. 200 Satan as representative of Milton's ideology – contrast with the son. 200 Satan as a character is doomed to fail in his quest to become ruler of heaven. On the third day of his battle with The Son, he is defeated. If the reader assumes that Milton was illuminating his own ideology through the character of Satan then there are a few interesting points to note. The Son is willing to sacrifice his life in order to improve the conditions humanity must endure after their fall from grace. This ideology contrasts directly with that of Satan, who states in Book 9 â€Å"only in destroying I find ease†. The Son is the embodiment of goodness and self-sacrificing virtue in Paradise Lost (Divine compassion, visibly appear'd/ Love without end, and without measure grace†) and his ideology triumphs over the false ideology of Satan. Satan and God are both aspects of the tyrannical power that Milton raged against throughout his lifetime. The false heroism of Satan is seen by some critics as an allegorical representation of the hypocrisy of those who fought against tyranny with no alternative world order in mind, those who wished to depose tyrants in order to assume this position for themselves. While the Son is unequivocally moral and good, God is depicted in a less human way, as tyrannical though not in an overtly bad way, I think this is symbolic of Milton's ideology, he did not believe that ideological theory by itself was worthy of praise, but that physical action should accompany any ideology which wished to be taken seriously – â€Å"I cannot praise a fugitive and uncloistered virtue, unexercised and unbreathed† (Milton, The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce). Therefore the Son functions not only as a symbol of divine good, but also as an example that possession of a compassionate and virtuous ideology are only worthy if teamed with real sacrifice and meaningful action. Louisa – the reality of her situation, the reality of Maureen's situation, the reality or Meriel's situation. Their perceptions of these realities the significance of these perceptions on their fates and their experiences.

Why did the groups like the Beatles and the Rolling Stones have such a great impact during the 1960’s

The Beatles changed British Society. These changes were brought about by a band that made it very, very big. Popular music had gone through a revolution in the Late 1950's. People took advantage of the increased spending power of teenagers and bands like the Beatles produced lyrics in songs that people queued to buy. The music did not always change, just the same old brand new songs. The real breakthrough in music came in 1962 with an unlikely combination of individuals. John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr had been performing together for a number of years. There had been various other members of the band, but the group did not get very far. In 1962 the change came about under the guidance of Brian Epstein, who became their manager and then transformed them from a talented, but undistinguishable act, into the most famous pop group in history. Epstein made the Beatles wear suits with non-lapels and cut their hair into pudding basin style. In so doing this he invented the Beatle Jacket and the Beatle hairstyle. The Beatles unlike many British performers at the time, wrote and performed their own music, this meant that they were able to create a unique style, which was a mixture of rhythm and blues, rock and roll and Tamala Motown. It was this that marked the Beatles out from so many of the performers that came before them. The last key individual was George Martin, who arranged and recorded the Beatles tracks. He produced the quality that ensured that they became instantly and overwhelming successful. More than anybody else the Beatles came to represent the Sixties. As Aaron Copland, the American composer of classical music remarked, â€Å"If you want to know about the sixties, play the music of the Beatles†. The important point being made there was that the Beatles did write music with real lyrics that caught the imagination of teenagers around the world, both reflecting and shaping the culture of the decade. They were all just normal lads who were brought up in the streets of Liverpool. John Lennon was brought up in an upper working class family. John was born in Oxford Street Maternity on October 9th 1940. His Auntie brought him up, as his father had disappeared. Four month's earlier Richard Starkey was born at 9 Madryn Street, Dingle in Liverpool. Richard was brought up in a lower working class. Early on in his life his mum and dad split up. Nearly a year later Paul McCartney is born in Walton Hospital, Rice Lane in Liverpool on the 18th June and he was brought up in a solid working class family. Paul then starts at Stockton Wood Primary. The baby of the group was finally born on the 24th February 1943 at 12 Arnold Grove, Wavertree in Liverpool. George Harrison starts at Liverpool institute. John Lennon was the smartest member of the group as a kid and could do anything he chose. All the band members were influenced as children, as each member were bought instruments; this meant homegrown talent was going to put Liverpool on the map. The influence of the Beatles went far beyond the music that they wrote and performed. Their clothes, hair, their accents, their offhand attitudes seemed to sum up the new age of the sixties. They seemed at first at least, just like the chap next door. Suddenly it became completely respectable to have an accent that did not come from the home county. For the first time ever, it came was fashionable to sound as if you came from Liverpool, or Newcastle or even Birmingham. The revolution became even more remarkable, after the Beatles came the ‘Mersey Sound', ‘Freddie and the Dreamers', ‘The Mersey Beats' and; ‘Gerry and the Pacemakers'. Brian Epstein successfully managed all of these bands. Then from Manchester there were the ‘Searchers' and the ‘Animals' from Newcastle. They all had number one hits with some easy going songs and some sung with real feeling. The impact of the Beatles upon teenagers was unbelievable. They were not just performers they became heroes. Soon the press followed on to this enormous fuss over the Beatles and made the phrase that the fans were involved in Beatlemania. They represented the victory of youth over old age, of new against old. They were the sixties. A few girls went to the Beatles concert in Cheltenham and they got us screaming. I don't remember much about the concert, just the noise Teenagers were influenced by lyrics, which started to change their way of thinking and the message changed. Every young person in the country wanted to be the Beatles, they were idolised were ever they went. Manufacturers soon realised the potential of the teenage market. The Beatles faces were plastered all over magazines. If the Beatles encouraged drugs, kids would follow, the Beatles lyrics were very powerful. For example the song lyrics in the song ‘Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds' openly suggested the use of LSD. The mischievous four of the sixties became the dope-smoking lads of 1965, and then the four took LSD in 1966-67 then even worse they took heroin in 1969. The Beatles themselves started to change dramatically. The clean-cut, cheerful boys of 1963 followed the weird and wonderful Maharishi, an Indian guru. They began to dress in psychedelic clothing, take drugs and adopt a more and more outlandish pose. The Beatles then really challenged family values. Innocent songs describing teenage love were replaced by peace anthems such as ‘All I Need Is Love' or drug influenced tracks like ‘Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds'. Worse still, in the eyes of some people, were the groups that followed them. The Rolling Stones started out as Beatles look-alikes, but soon developed a completely different style. Their lyrics were far more suggestive and the behaviour of the five grabbed a great deal of attention. Jagger and Richards were arrested for the possession of Marijuana- a response from the establishment that led even the times to describe it as ‘a butterfly being crushed under a wheel' Wider social changes were taking place. TV and Radio began broadcasting non-stop music. These were extremely popular with teenagers. Radio Caroline and Radio London had enormous following, as other radio stations didn't play much music. They set the scene for the radio stations that were to come. They were designed to appeal directly to young people. Television reacted more quickly to the changing styles of music. This was largely because it was a newer form of broadcasting and so was more ready to change. ITV began to broadcast ‘Ready Steady Go' and the BBC started ‘Top Of The Pops'. Both were overnight success stories and these accounts finally showed popular music. If some aspects of the sixties appeared to challenge society and existing ideas, the hippie movement seemed to reject it altogether. Some people took the movement very seriously. Others tried to balance the hippie movement with other commitments, but most simply rejected it altogether. To many people the most worrying aspect of the hippie movement was the way that its followers seemed to abandon responsibility. The emphasis on ‘Love and Peace', while harmless enough in many ways, came at the time when the west was being challenged by the Soviet Union. Not only did hippies appear to reject all forms of confrontation, but their behaviour suggested a weakening of society and the family in particular. In conclusion the impact of music in Britain changed the way we live today. The sixties took spending to a new level. Consumer goods became increasingly popular; this was mainly influenced by bands like the Beatles, who had their snapshot all over clothes to magazines. Lyrics had changed dramatically, and also the message had changed. Bands such as the Beatles promoted world peace. The Beatles helped boom Britain and this helped Britain to become a major force in pop music. I think the Beatles ended a new paragraph in British pop music.

Across cultures, English is the word

Across cultures, English is the word The text is responding to a situation whereby English language is facing challenges in such a way that it is not clear whether it is a global language. There are instances in the text when the author is agreeing that English language has massively evolved into a major global language (Mydans, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Across cultures, English is the word† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the author does not take a firm position on whether English language is indeed global. This paper offers a rhetorical analysis essay on why English should be regarded as global language. It is also vital to explore how the writer has managed to establish his credibility in the text. The author has established his credibility by referencing other pieces of literary works from other authors. He has not taken all the credits for himself in the various arguments presented in the paper. In addition, ther e are myriads of sources that the author has cited in the text in order to support his arguments. Use of direct quotes is also instrumental in the text because it adds value and additional credibility. It is also evident that the writer has an attitude towards the subject matter since the audience can easily identify with both the mood of the writer and the text itself. The writer’s attitude towards the subject is quite skeptic. As already mentioned in the paper, the writer has failed to take a particular standing point regarding the issue of English being a global language. It is interesting to mention that the piece of writing contains various sub-themes from other authors even though he tends to neither support nor refute the notion that English is a global language (Mydans, 2007). The author is also quite frank in his description of English as the ‘king of languages’. He attains this by citing fascinating statements from other literary sources. The text is ta rgeting a particular audience or readers. The audience can be grouped into primary and secondary. The primary audience of the text is basically learners of English language both in grammar and in literature. Since this language is being discussed as a global entity, students of English language are definitely the primary audience who are supposed to be furnished with such information.Advertising Looking for essay on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, teachers of English should also be regarded as the primary audience that are being targeted by the text bearing in mind that they are supposed to learn the language and be acquainted with it even as they teach the various versions. The secondary audiences are individuals who have great passion for English language. These are people with inner desire to learn more about English as a language especially in terms of its origin, growth as well as current and future developments. The author has built several arguments in the paper that are supposed to persuade the reader to agree with the given piece of writing. The major argument in the text revolves around whether English should be treated as global language. The author has indeed attempted to circumnavigate the argument by citing and quoting various pieces of works that have been written by other reputable authors. At the initial point, the author begins the text with an introduction and a thesis statement that highlights what is to be discussed in the paper. After the introduction, the author builds the argument by presenting his individual understanding of the subject matter before eventually going deep into the issues to be discussed. Nonetheless, there is no concluding point in the text where the author agrees to own or wind up the argument (Mydans, 2007). There are also other arguments and perspectives that the author has presented in the text. Some of the arguments include historical development of English, globalization, the influence of technology in the development of English language and the cross cultural influence of English in the world of linguistics. He has also employed pathos, logos and ethos in the text as described in the remaining section of the paper. English is one of the fastest growing languages across the world today. It has largely been boosted by the current trends in technology and globalization. The progressing dominance of this language has been discussed with cross reference to a published article by Seth Mydans. Although the author argues that English language may never become a global language, there are clear indications that it is indeed growing at a very fast rate that cannot be reversed at all. The author has also employed excellent use of pathos, ethos and logos in the piece of writing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Across cultures, English is the word† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He has offered a detailed description on English language as a whole. However, the author has failed to convince the audience whether English language will ever become a global language. This is one of the glaring weaknesses in the article when rhetorical analysis is conducted. The author has also attempted to explain why English language has transited itself into the â€Å"king of languages†. He has achieved the latter by carrying out an interview with quite a number of experts in linguistics. Perhaps, this is one of the ways that the author uses to boost the credibility of his analysis (Mydans, 2007). The audiences that read newspapers such as the Tribune or New York Times are drawn from various social and economic backgrounds. Paragraphs are brief and simple to comprehend. In the case of Mydans, the author has made use of high degree of allusions, metaphors and diction. These techniques have been closely intertwined with his tory. In spite of the complexities in this piece of writing, the audience can still find it easy to read and understand. The author has used the word linguist in reference to one of the persons he interviewed when he was gathering information from the field. In order to expound the opinion of the linguist in regards to English as a global language, the author has made use of the word unequivocal. The text also contains the term vernacular. The latter word has been employed by the author in order to offer a description of various versions of English language adopted in different destinations across the globe. Some of the regions noted in the text include Papua New Guinea, Caribbean, Nigeria and Singapore. The phrase ‘kind of languages’ has been used by the author at the introductory section of the text so as to offer a glimpse preview of the arguments presented in the essay (Mydans, 2007). In conclusion, there is need for a global language since global communication is r apidly expanding (Crystal, 2003). A global language should be in a position to be understood and recognized by a large number of people. English language has been established in various parts across the globe. It is found in various forms or versions depending on the location.Advertising Looking for essay on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Crystal, D. (2003). English as a global language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mydans, S. (2007). Across cultures, English is the word. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/09/world/asia/09iht-englede.1.5198685.html?pagewanted=all_r=0mtrref=undefinedgwh=66C2E4BE92CCCD2EB95C45787C91D565gwt=pay

Dred Scott Case essays

Dred Scott Case essays Did you know that the Dred Scott Case was one of the most important cases ever tried in the United States? It started when Scotts former master John Emerson had died and his wife Irene Sanford-Emerson hired out Scott and his family to work for other families. Since that happened, it caused him to file a suit against her for his freedom. This suit had embarked on a legal fight that lasted eleven years, and was finally ended in the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court had later issued a milestone decision that kept Scott as a slave. This decision contributed to rising tensions between the free and slave states just before the American Civil War. In the past, Missouri courts had supported the saying of once free, always free, and in Scotts case he felt as though he should be free. Given that Scott had been living in free territories for almost nine years, yet he never made the attempt to end his services as a slave. Although no one knows why he picked this time to file suit, historians have considered three possibilities: He may have been dissatisfied with being hired out; Mrs. Emerson might have been planning to sell him; or he may have offered to buy his own freedom and been refused. They say that the suit wasnt for political reasons, but more of hearsay. Now in order to file a suit you must know how to read, how to write, and have money. Unfortunately, Dred Scott did not posses any of these. In spite of that, he looked to his minister, John Anderson, to help him read and write. In addition to having the Blow family, Scotts original owners, back him up financially. Their support helped him through those eleven comp licated years. This case was first put on trial at the St. Louis Circuit Court in 1846. Later on that following year, the court ruled in Mrs. Emersons favor while dismissing the case; however, allowing the Scotts to re-file th...

Research Paper on Maritime Technology

Research Paper on Maritime Technology Research Paper on Maritime Technology Research Paper on Maritime Technology and Environmental Regulations 1-0: Introduction Two vessels collided on august 1990 near Gibraltar in Spain resulting in a sea disaster and oil spill. Sea Spirit along with the Norwegian gas tanker collided head on causing a spill of about 8000Tons of oil. Oil contamination in the marine spread far, even reaching the Moroccan coast in form of cakes, tar balls, and oil packs. Similar to this disaster is the major oil spill that occurred on July in 1979 near Trinidad and Tobago caused by the Atlantic Empress. The spill allegedly resulted in the largest oil spill of 287,000Metric tons of oil ever to be recorded. The disaster was never totally remedied since during pull away from the scene, the tanker continued to spill an additional substantial amount of oil. Conversely, the Aegean Captain also leaked large amount of oil. Some moments later on, Atlantic Empress sank deeply with its cargo remaining solidified. However, the spill from the two ships never reached the shores of the ocean. 2-0: Similarities 2-1: Similarities in environmental effects In terms of ecological contamination, Both Sea Spirit and Atlantic Empress caused major impacts on sea animal and plant life. Sea birds became highly affected dipping the insulating capacity among such animals. Birds became highly vulnerable to temperature changes and less buoyant in water. The two oil spills contributed to huge impairments and disabilities related to flight in aquatic birds (Horn and Neal 2006, para 3). In fact, species found it hard to escape from predators. Research shows that the spillage especially from the Atlantic Empress led to the ingestion of oil by birds and covering on their feathers. This caused kidney damage, digestive system problems, as well as liver functionality among the victimized animals. The two disasters also attracted scientists who wanted to explore the far-reaching effects of oil spill on both human and marine life. Marine scientist realized that the disasters caused metabolic problems and dehydration to birds of the sea. Sea animals with a lot of fur were also affected in related ways as well. Sea spirit oil spill and Atlantic Empress oil disaster caused massive deaths of animals, fish, and birds. 2-2: Global reaction The two incidents caused severe damaging effects on archaeological, highs include shorelines, ports, marine sanctuaries, and natural reserves. Immense losses were also realized in connection to these effects. Tourist and recreational activities were in jeopardy as the major hospitality operations became seriously affected. The two oil spills also share similarity in the manner as evidenced by way of world’s response to the resulting disastrous effects. Many governments raised environmental concerns and documented procedures to curtail the disaster. For instance, in the case of Atlantic Empress, the U.S government played a paramount role in guaranteeing that the disaster was duly controlled to avoid further loss of life on the vulnerable sea creatures. Similarly, in 1990 during the Sea Spirit disaster, the government of Spain became responsible for the spillage and undertook measures to ensure that no more environmental issues were coming up as a result of the spillage (Horn and Neal 2006, para 3). Again, the two accidents resulted in the enactment of strict laws governing oil transportation in the sea. For example, during the case of the Atlantic Empress, the U.S government implemented laws to ensure that any ship transporting oil across the sea or ocean must be fully insured. The cover is intended to cover expenses and environmental losses associated with oil spill. Nation states affected by the two oil spills reacted with some degree of apprehension especially on matters of environment. For example, the Atlantic Empress oil spill caused uproar among the affected countries. Both oil spills reached the shoreline of countries that raised an alarm regarding the matter of clean up, avoidance as well as control on the same. 2-3: Clean up strategies Measures employed by the two incidents to clean up the mess were similar. Both incidents used Vacuum and centrifuge process whereby oil is sucked up plus water. Then there is the utilization of appropriate centrifuge to separate water from oil. This technique allows the ship to be virtually filled by pure oil. In this case, water returns to the sea. This process was particularly used in the oil spill of 1979 and equally applied in the Sea Spirit oil spill disaster in early1990. However, there is extremely small quantity of oil that spilt back to the sea. This crisis has restricted the use of centrifuges because U.S regime has prohibited oil by volume that is usually returned to the sea with water. Booms were also used in both incidents to clean up the oil spill. Booms are big floating obstacles that prevent oil by rounding up the oil and separating it from water. Skimmers that skim the oil were also utilized in separating all oils from water in the Atlantic Empress and Sea Spirit inc idents (ITOPFL 2010, para 2). Using of biological agents that break down oil into biodegradable composites has been used expansively in major oil spill. Experts insinuated this as the single safe and most importantly effective approach that is likely to eradicate a considerable amount of oil without posing any dangerous effects to animal, fish, or any aquatic and bird life. For instance, Bioremediation was a widespread attribute in the two accidents. It entails the employment of hydrophobic substance that has no bacteria. The compound binds chemically and physically on soluble hydrocarbon compounds. The Bioremediation compound acts as a herding substance inside, and most importantly on water surface. This results in floating elements on the surface of water plus the soluble substances like phenols which form a gel-like substance. Spraying the oil spill with the compound eliminates the oil molecules in a very short time. Specific bacteria dissolve hydrocarbons into carbon-dioxide and water. Another approach that w as used to contain the spill is control burning. Control burning is typically applied during low windy day as it may spread to other areas causing more damage during windy seasons. The two disasters also forced the experts to use vacuum in eliminating oil from water surfaces and equally in the beaches (ITOPF 2010, para 4). 2-4: Prevention Another striking likeness between the resulting two disasters is the manner in which offshore oil spill was prevented and addressed. Technological evaluation and procedures were employed to guarantee that all strategies as well as measures during training, monitoring, and reliable plans for avoidance and offshore control were met. In the two accidents, response involved technological monitoring of devices along with methods of cleaning up the spill. Other measures included detection, control, averting, as well as restoration of the habitats and natural environments (ITOPF 2010, para 6). In reaction to Atlantic Empress oil spill, the U.S. government used blow out preventer for well drilling. The equipment is effectively employed in offshore wells and contains a bundle of independently operated cutoff processes, thus there is redundancy if any failure occurs. The device is suitable for deep eater horizon. Another prevention mechanism that was seen in the 1990 Sea Spirit accident is the use of the Casing device. This is usually a set of nested metal pipes made of steel and embedded on the ship walls. Both split ends of the apparatus are suspended by a thin adapter in lower end of the casing. If the sole casing or at times the cement fails to work, the oil will continue spilling (ITOPF 2010, para 6). 3-0: Differences 3-1: Volume of spill A remarkable disparity between the two catastrophes is evidenced by the resulting volume of spill. For example, Atlantic Empress resulted in a spill of about 280,000Tons while Sea Spirit reporting enormous 8,000Tons of oil. This further does indicate that the sizes of the two vessels or tankers also varied greatly. Atlantic Empress spilled oil twice in the process of being removed from the sea while the Sea Spirit spilled oil only once. This also translates into a difference in the area covered by the spill. Apparently, the Atlantic Empress oil spill led to the coverage of a huge area while the Sea Spirit just covered a relatively small area. Additionally, the number of all affected species was proportional to the spill. Because the Atlantic Empress oil spill was very huge, it means that the number of species affected was also large (Egawhary 2011, para 2). 3-2: Effects on tourism activities Atlantic Empress accident had major effects on leisure activities such as tourism. Most of the shores that were used by tourists as areas of recreation became highly polluted and inaccessible due to oil spill. Notwithstanding the attempt by the then regime to control the spread or reach of the alleged spill, the losses incurred were very huge and had enormous negative significance on the economy. Converse to this, the latter catastrophe that occurred in year 1990 had minimal effects on recreational activities because the spread was easily controlled. Ease of control is related to the quantity of the entire spill. It is perceptible that the first spill that happened in 1979 was larger than the one that happened in 1990. Consequently, this is the rationale why the economic effects in terms of tourism became great in the first accident (Fleming 2010, p.23). 3-3: Clean up expenses The practice of clearing out was very pricey with outcome of the twin catastrophes resulting to immense impacts on the budgets of the responsible countries. For example, the Atlantic express incident resulted in the loss of millions in U.S. dollars in mitigating the resulting effects. Alternatively, the little quantity of oil that spilled in year 1990 by Sea Spirit consumed less money. This disparity is connected to the alleged volume of the tanker and the consignment in it. The personnel employed to clear-out the spill also showed a remarkable difference. It is obvious that Atlantic Empress employed more people and certified environmentalist to clean up the entire spill, whilst executing other logistical matters (Fleming 2010, p.23). 3-4: Shoreline effects Shoreline effects of the two accidents also differed greatly. This is primarily premised on the degree in ease on cleanup procedures for the entire oil spill. The bigger the spill, the larger the shoreline affected and the opposite is also true. The spill that resulted from the Atlantic Empress affected a larger part of the entire seashore and also persisted for an extended duration compared to the effects caused by Sea Spirit. Also, the sensitivity of the shoreline depends on the exposure of the spill. Floating oil makes the shoreline be at certain risks through sealing of the substrate with oil packs. Atlantic Empress oil spill resulted in the casing of the substrate at the very shoreline because of the huge spread. Difference in substrate among the various types of shorelines differed in their reaction to oiling processes. There was also a huge discrepancy on shoreline productivity. For example, all animals living on the shoreline were severely affected by the Atlantic Empress oil spill as opposed to Sea Spirit disaster (NOAA 2010, para 2). 3-5: Global reaction The world reaction to the two oil spills differed greatly with the Atlantic Empress oil spill facing a lot of criticism from other nations (Egawhary 2011, para 2). This is attributed to the volume and the area covered by the spillage. Tough measures were put in place by international community to ensure that the country that owned the consignment became totally answerable and responsible for the spillage. Such policies negatively affected the budget of U.S because a lot of money was used in the cleanup process. Sanctions also became the order of the day by other countries wanting the responsible parties to own up to their actions. The 1990 oil spill resulted in major sanctions being made in Spain’s oil industry. Also, losses became huge with economies of the country affected becoming fragile due to the expenditure. The economy of U.S became badly affected especially by the Atlantic Empress oil spill. Countries that depended on U.S for aid also became involved in the process and supported the country from criticism. There was increase in tension between countries that supported the U.S and those against. In contrary to this, little was heard about Spain in terms of global reaction regarding the 1990 oil spill. The difference comes out clearly here because of the perception that U.S was economically strong and it was suppose to address its problems single handedly (Egawhary 2011, para 2). 3-6: Prevention and control Main differences linking the two calamities also appear in terms of prevention and control. Atlantic Empress accident that occurred in year 1979 is illustrated by little technological practices in terms of cleanup and prevention. This is because of the poor technological skills that were available by then. Nearly all of the cleaning procedures were manual and took quite longer time to finish. Several devices employed in this particular incident were slow and time consuming. In contrary, the technology at disposal had significantly improved a little bit in 1990 during the resulting spill near Spain by Sea Spirit. The cleanup process of spill from Sea Spirit took a comparatively short time owing to the highly effective devices that were used. Sea Spirit oil spill cleaning process was also faster because the team that worked had much familiarity compared to the clean-up team that controlled the Atlantic Empress oil spill (ITOPF 2010, para 3). 3-7: Environmental effects There is a significant difference in environmental effects of the two accidents. The First accident which happened in 1979 which involved the Atlantic Empress covered a very big area causing massive environmental problem both to human and animal life. Aquatic species such as birds and fish became severely affected and most of them died because of pollution. Most of the terrestrial animals also died in huge numbers because they relied on sea food for their lives. The food chain was interrupted with animals that depended on sea food dying of hunger. Contrary to this, the accident that happened in 1990 had less negative impacts on the environment. This is because the oil spill did not spread over a large area and was also controlled easily (ITOPF 2010, para 5). Sea plants also became badly damaged by the Atlantic empress accident, whereas the 1990 collision had less negative effects on sea plants. Many scientists became attracted to the major incident and they managed to study intensively and came up with conclusions that greatly influenced the way of life of sea creatures. As a result of the first accident, policies were enacted to ensure that oil spillage in future is approached with a lot of caution. This is because of the double spillage that happened during the prevention process. It is clear that the Sea Spirit oil spill was controlled in a more professional way than the first one (ITOPF 2010, para 6). 4-0: Conclusion: Measures To deal With Oil Spills Oil spills are generally harmful to living things. Many sea and terrestrial species die in enormous numbers basically owing to unfortunate outcomes instigated by inevitable oil spills. If measures are not put in place to address this problem, the world risk losing very important species that could have otherwise contributed to biological diversity. From the debate above, it appears that oil spills have far-reaching effects including economic, recreational, and even social problems among the countries involved. Misinterpretation can possibly arise between the countries that are involved in the spill hence likely to result in wars. To reduce oil spills as a result of collision in future, numerous steps and measures need to be put in place. First, the governments should ensure that preventive mechanisms such as the ones mentioned above work well so that the spread is controlled. Oil companies should also endeavor to avail suitable training on tanker’s handler personnel. Incompete nt ship Captains can cause catastrophe that can potentially result in major oil spills. Handling of any oil spill cases in future can equally be addressed through continuous monitoring of ship movement in the sea. Stringent measures must instituted by modern oil firms to ensure that the ships ferrying oil across the sea are monitored by skilled individuals and provide information to captains about other approaching ships that are likely to cause collisions. Technology also plays a vital role in reduction of oil spills resulting from undue collision. Oil corporations should embrace the appropriate technologies that will ultimately lead to the reduction of oil spill cases in the sea during transportation. Such technologies include modern equipment used to detect approaching tankers or even ships that are likely to cause any crash and avoid such collisions. The captains of the tankers should be in a position to clearly see the approaching tankers using the binoculars or any device that can assist in seeing the approaching ship. Also, there should be intergovernmental treat ies that ensure good management and transportation of oil products. This will make sure that no one country is left alone to handle challenges related to oil spill, but rather assisted by the regimes that are deemed capable in terms of technology as well as finance in availing the necessary assistance. You can buy research papers online at . Our custom writing company with writing your research paper on Maritime and Environmental topics. High quality guaranteed!

Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economy - Essay Example Thus, this chapter discusses both the supply-side and demand-side factors that lead to differences in occupations and earnings. The authors, based on statistical analysis, note here that occupational segregation has declined over the past 30-40 years as women increasingly aspire for better education and have become more competitive than before. They however warn that despite these latest trends, gender disparity continues to be noticeable among different occupations. For example, Women comprised over 95% of nurses and constituted over four-fifths of all schoolteachers during the mid-nineties. Men, on the other hand, were dominant in the manufacturing sector. Blau et al note that gender and wage differences have remained existent for long periods as both groups have restricted themselves to such specific professions. They further attribute gender differences as the primary reason for discrepancies in job hierarchies, promotions and pay and analyze these factors to highlight their indi vidual and collective impact on the male and female workforce. Chapter 6: Differences in Occupations and Earnings: The Human Capital Model This chapter introduces the role of various factors like educational attainment, productivity and training in narrowing the gap in pay based on gender differences. The authors contend that rising educational qualifications among women has resulted in subtle cracks in the glass ceiling that is apparent in most corporate organizations, and explain it using the Human Capital Model. The authors study the relationship between labor longevity and investment in higher education and argue that women tend to invest in the latter as they see better prospects for staying within the workforce for longer durations. They further noted that women prefer on-the-job training citing better employment prospects and as a way to reduce any potential barriers to career advancement. These trends reflect on declining barriers to career opportunities besides throwing lig ht on changing practices among educational institutions with regards to admission policies and inclusion of a higher percentage of women. The authors also cite several legislations such as the Title IX of 1972 as additional reasons for reduction in gender-based discrimination among educational establishments. For instance, the percentage of women in institutions of higher education has risen from a meager 7% during the 1960s to as much as 35-40% across all professional fields and courses of study. The authors also discuss in length about the ‘Index of Segregation’, which measures the extent of segregation on the basis of gender across several hundred occupations. Numerically, this index estimates the percentage of each sex who must change jobs in order for the professional distribution amongst the two groups to reach equilibrium. Over the years, the Index has reduced from a massive 67% (in terms of women) to nearly half by the turn of the century. Chapter 7: Differences in Occupations and Earnings: The Role of Labor Market Discrimination Through this chapter, the authors primary demonstrate that discrimination within the labor market does exist when two similar individuals with equal qualifications, experience and profiles are

Study of Consumer Buying Behavior towards cars Essay

Study of Consumer Buying Behavior towards cars - Essay Example Internal environment analysis through SWOT method 5. External environment analysis through PESTLE Method 6. Research and Methodology 7. Data Collection and Sampling 8. Analysis and interpretation of the report 9. Suggestions and Recommendations Executive Summary The automobile business today is among the most lucrative industry. Because of the increase in disposable earnings in both rural and urban sector and easy finance made accessible to all class of people by the financial institutes, the domestic car prices have elevated by 60% in March 2011-12 compared to the previous year. Several new players like Toyota, Nissan, Ford, and BMW are all set to venture within the Oman marketplaces heating up the competition further. One major element that may assist the businesses is advertisement and study of the customer perception about the product. This paper conducts a depth research on the customer’s notion of various cars in the Oman market and determines the key factors which influ ence the sale of each vehicle. The importance of selecting the Oman marketplace is explained within the introduction. The literary section reviews about common market perceptions methods. A general overview of the few branded vehicles famous in Omen is offered. An in depth study was carried out amongst various classes of individuals who've the power to determine what car to buy. The outcomes are analyzed using the various empirical ways to determine the factual results. Based on the study conducted, suggestions to the chosen brand names are framed. Determining just how much the customer wishes to recommend the vehicle they are using for other people is a vital factor in figuring out the quality of the vehicle as well as the consumer satisfaction. Research on this information can help the companies produce better goods and improve their sale considerably. The study will monitor the consumer purchasing behaviour in a detailed way with reference to various cultural, political and physi cal aspects. Introduction Measuring this customer satisfaction or customer notion will help in enhancing the long run products and increasing the net profit for the business. Sufficient research on consumer buying conduct is important to complete exactly the same. The research of customer conduct is the understanding of how individuals behave within the buy scenario. The task of marketer is to satisfy and fulfil target customers requirements and wants. But, â€Å"knowing customer" is not an easy job. Understanding the buying behaviour of the target market for its business products is an important job for the marketing department. Any person satisfied with a product’s quality, suggests it to others. Word of mouth and consumer satisfaction play an important function in figuring out market opinion about any product, particularly an automobile like car. It is this marketplace perception that decides the achievement of a company and so it is extremely important for the car manufa cturers to study the present customer’s satisfaction and their opinion on recommending it to others. The views of existing owners of an automobile are extremely essential for new clients because it assists them in making the correct purchase decision. To understand the concept of buying perception the project highlights the factors that influence the purchasing choice of a customer. The most important factors under consideration would be 1. The cost

Responsibility and brand advertising in the alcoholic beverage market Essay

Responsibility and brand advertising in the alcoholic beverage market (Context of Business) - Essay Example There is considerable criticism on brand advertising in alcoholic beverage, and there are calls for more regulation in industry-sponsored responsibility messages. They are constantly criticized as mere public relations activities that are morally suspect. What are recommended are those moderation campaigns initiated by public health educators and organizations. Media advocacy efforts are also offered as a logical step. So, what should be given importance are industry-sponsored responsible drinking campaigns and media advocacy. These two will play a major role on alcoholic drinking advocacy in the future. Kotler (2003, qtd. in Ringold) refers to social marketing that characterizes public health education, whose key objective is to reduce the psychological, social, and practical obstacles hindering beneficial consumer behavior. Wallack (1990, p. 153, qtd. in Ringold) says that social marketing â€Å"provides people with accurate information so that they can take steps to improve their health†. Efforts in social marketing to effect positive health behavior provide valuable information for a desired behavior. Ringold cites the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) in its promotion of â€Å"responsible drinking†, which was supported by government agencies, organizations and industry groups. The context strategy was, â€Å"If you drink, drink responsibly, and here’s how†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Media advocacy seeks to change the ways in which problems are understood as public health issues (DeJong and Atkin 1995; Wallack 1990, qtd. in Ringold). Health behavior problems are the sole responsibility of individuals but producers, wholesalers, and retailers of alcoholic beverages also have the role to play in informing members of society about responsible drinking. Ringold cites Wallack as saying that â€Å"a strategy might be developed to stimulate media coverage of the ethical and legal culpability of alcohol companies that promote deadly

Find a Local Newspaper Article that is Related to HR Management Research Paper

Find a Local Newspaper Article that is Related to HR Management - Research Paper Example Although having tattoos is not considered essentially inappropriate in workplaces, the general environment is that tattoos are undesirable. From an annual survey conducted in 2012, it was learnt that sixty-one percent of HR managers believe that tattoos can restrict job opportunities for an aspiring applicant. In 2011, it was fifty seven percent. Most employees think that strict dress codes in corporate offices are unfair pressure on them as they restrict them from enjoying the current fashion trends. This grievance is reflected in Ms. Thomas’s statement â€Å"there are parts of my body I wish I could get tattooed, but because I work in a corporate setting I have to keep them on a wish list† (Kaufman, n.p.). Moreover, employees also dress according to their religious and cultural ethics. The principle objective of HR management is to ensure that the company’s employees exhibit a professional and business minded image while at the same time the clothing be casual. The HR managers usually do not impose any strict and explicit instructions on dress codes, however the employees remain concerned whether their unusual attires like tattoos and body piercing will affect their chances of job promotion. In this article another corporate level employee Amy L. Hayden, who has tattoos in visible parts of her body, has spoken about her experiences during job interviews. In those days she applied for two to five jobs every day and sometimes had successfully passed many first and second level interviews, but at the end she was never called for the jobs. However, there are also instances where the HR managers seem to be more contrived than the company. These managers do not approve unconventional dressing styles of employees,... This essay approves that HR managers mostly impose dressing codes on employees to maintain a formal business like ambiance in the workplace. Although such codes have no legal basis, the employees nonetheless remain apprehensive regarding their promotional opportunities if they do not follow the unspoken rules. The final outcome is that employees have to wear full body covering clothes even in hot weather. However, HR managers strive towards setting standard dress code that will maintain both formal appearance and sustain the comfort level of employees. This report makes a conclusion that the issue regarding employees’ dressing habits is a sensitive one since it may hurt the religious and cultural beliefs of many people. Therefore, the HR managers need to tread the territory carefully by maintaining a balance between professionalism and comfort of employees. The real issue here is that HR managers should show trust on the employees than instructing them to follow certain rules regarding dressing. Certain things like tattoos and body piercing are more personal choice of employees and should not be disapproved unless they are blatant disregard of company rules. This paper stresses on our appearance. When we are bussines ones we have to wear special uniform. When a persone has a tattoo on the body he have to hide it under the wear. Because if you have not very good look your colleagues and clients wil taken lightly.